Nt1310 Essay example - 934 Words

Define the following terms: 1. Horizontal Cable : A type of inside cable designed for horizontal use in non-plenum areas. While horizontal cable must be fire retardant, the National Electrical Code (NEC) specifications are not as demanding as those governing the use of plenum cable or riser cable. See also NEC, plenum, plenum cable, and riser cable. 2. Backbone Cable : Backbone cabling is the inter-building and intra-building cable connections in structured cabling between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets. Backbone cabling consists of the transmission media, main and intermediate cross-connects and terminations at these locations. This system is mostly used in data centers. 3. Patch†¦show more content†¦9. Crimpers: A tool used to crimp, to join two pieces of metal 10. Fish Tape : a flat tempered spring-steel tape or wire used in pulling electric wire and cables (as into conduit runs) —called also snake wire 11. Continuity Tester: is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points;[1] that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus 12. Category 5e/6 Cable : cabling is used as a cabling infrastructure for 10BASE-T (Ethernet), full duplex 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GbE) networks. The Cat 5e standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and can be used up to a maximum length of 100 meters. 13. Binder Groups: A group of wire pairs bound together, usually by some sort of color-coded plastic tape or thread. In a large twisted pair cable, there may be many pairs combined into binder groups of 25 pairs for ease of connectivity management. Each pair within a binder group is uniquely color-coded for further ease of management. See also cable and wire. 14. Hybrid/Composite Cable : composite cable A communications cable having both optical and metallic signal-carrying components. Note 1: A cable having optical fiber(s) and a metallic component, e.g., a metallicShow MoreRelatedUnit 3 Exercise 1 Nt13101332 Words   |  6 Pages| Unit 3. Exercise 1. | | Specifications - Definitions | | Unit 3. Exercise 1. | | Specifications - Definitions | NT1310: physical networking April 15, 2014 Authored by: Nicholas Rapisardi NT1310: physical networking April 15, 2014 Authored by: Nicholas Rapisardi 1. Application (in terms of cabling infrastructure): The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with theRead MoreNT1310 unit 5 Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 5 assignment 1 and definitions When performing a cable installation, there are a lot of things that you have to put into consideration. First, you want to draw up a plan. Some things that you would want to include in the plan would be: where your telecommunications rooms are located, what is the distance from your leased line to your core router, and what type of cable are you going to be using for your backbone and horizontal lines. The first thing shouldn’t be cost when you are designingRead MoreEssay about nt1310 midterm1095 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1. Name the common cable types used today a. Utp b. Stp c. Fiber optic d. plenum 2. What unit of measurement is a tenfold logarithmic ratio of power output to power input? a. Decibel 3. Name 3 things that can contribute to attenuation. a. Conductor Resistance, b. Mutual Capactitance, c. Impedence. d. other 4. Name 3 things that can contribute to attenuation. a. Conductor Resistance, Mutual Capactitance, Impedence. 5. Name 3 types of crosstalk. a. Near end cross talk, Far end Cross Talk, EqualRead MoreNt1310 Unit 1 Assignment 11060 Words   |  5 PagesInstall OpenVPN onto Windows Server 2012r2 into the H1 Country Club Network for Remote Access OpenVPN is an open-source software application that implements virtual private network (VPN) techniques for creating secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections and remote access facilities. OpenVPN allows authentication using certificates or username/password. OpenVPN can work in two different modes regarding encryption. It can use static encryption or Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). The advantageRead MoreNT1310 Unit 9 Lab 11254 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿New Building-Optical Networks The new structure has been given a grant to make its network state of the art by making it a fiber optic network. The topics of discussion that will be mentioned in this paper are the hardware that will be necessary for the inside and outside of the building and how we would expand the fiber to an adjacent building if it is built. Another topic to be discussed will be describing the safety procedures that will be following during the installation. INSTALLATION HARDWARERead MoreNT1310 Unit 10 Lab 1 Building A New Structure- Problem Analysis2020 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ NT1310 Unit 10 Lab 1 05/28/13 Building A New Structure- Problem Analysis Troubleshooting fiber Fiber optic cable was once reserved for high-performance needs, but today it’s turning up in all kinds of networks. If you’re familiar with copper cable, you’ll quickly discover that fiber optic cable is a completely different animal. Not only is the installation process different for fiber, but also the troubleshooting process. Fiber optic cable is also far more fragile than copper cable, soRead MoreNT1310: Week 1 Data on Fixed Line vs. Cellular Debate1357 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Wired Viruses Cellular Networks While the majority of end user these days have hand held cellular devices, many of them think it ends there. Most cellular calls still end up utilizing the fixed wires that have been installed worldwide. While cellular coverage can degrade and is even non-existent in some areas of the United States, the copper cables and fiber that have been installed since the late over the last century plus are there to pick up these users. When first thinking of fixed lineRead MoreNT1310Unit1Assign1Homework Essay616 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ NT1310 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Voice vs. Data Jerry Poet Assignment: Cell Phones – They use both voice and data with the use of cell tower to send data from the network to the cell phone. Landline phone – both because your voice is being transferred through the wires as packets of data. SMS / Text Messaging – SMS is short for Short Message Services. Text messages are a way to send and receive messages over cellular data networks. Also, SMS / Text Messages can only contain up to 160 charactersRead MoreFiber Cable, Tools, And Test Equipment872 Words   |  4 PagesAID=25152 (2014) Multimeters Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimeter Oliviero, A., Woodward, B. (2011-12-12). Bonus Appendix: Telecomm ta Cabling NT1310, 4th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://itt- tech.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781119116967/ Oliviero, A., Woodward, B. (2010-04-19). Cabling NT1310, 4th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://itt-tech.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781119116929/ (2015) Telecom Surplus Resources retrievedRead MoreUnit 7 Lab 1768 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Baldeo Persaud NT1310 Unit 7 Lab 1: New Building – Safety Plan Safety is very important and should not be overlooked because ignoring it can cost you in the long run. It is vital to plan and test the safety procedures that are to be used in a new structure. Safety should always be a priority in the work area. You should always have a plan in place in case something was to happen unexpectedly. The Safety Plan should follow the rules that are set down by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Racism By Bob Blauner s Article, Blacks And Whites Often...

In Bob Blauner’s article he quotes, â€Å"Blacks and whites often talk past one another† (Blauner 57). This statement speaks the truth when discussing how the two races view racism. Whites tend to view racism in a narrow perspective, which involves the idea that racism is interpersonal and that it involves discrimination and prejudice. Blacks view racism in a wider perspective, which involves racism as impersonal, unintentional and apart of the institutions in society. Two students in a racial relations class have a discussion on racism. Bob, a white student has a narrow perspective that includes fallacies. Shontell, a black student argues with Bob and takes her stand on the wider perspective of racism. Bob starts the discussion claiming that the U.S cannot possibly be racist because many celebrities, politicians, millionaires etc. are African-American. Shontell disagrees because that is tokenistic fallacy. As explained by Matthew Desmond in his article, tokenistic fal lacy is the assumption that if blacks are in higher positions they overcame all racial obstacles. This is false because even though many people of color have become wealthy, it does not take into consideration the millions of African-Americans living in poverty. They are living in poverty because of the economic inequalities. This involves not being promoted at his or her job because of the color of his or her skin or not being considered a job at all. To this day, African-Americans still remain disadvantaged.

Business Policy Project-Based Organizing And Strategic Management

Question: Describe about the Essay on Business Policy for Project-Based Organizing And Strategic Management? Answer: This study deals with company named Wal-Mart and elaborating on its competitive advantage in current market scenario. Strategic options are mentioned with proper justification in the study. This will bring detailed investigation on the growth strategy of Wal-Mart in the near future. Critical Competitive advantage of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the largest retail companies in and around the world. This particular company offers low prices products with high quality to the potential customers. Wal-Mart achieves success in the American Retail Markets. There are several factors namely: Tangible resources mainly include financial tangible resources in the physical tangible resources in an overall manner (Cattani, 2011). Financial Resources mainly contributes cost of goods sold for $192 billion. Physical tangible resources mainly operate in 4600 stores. This particular company concentrates in rural areas as well as small towns. Technology includes private satellite network for Wal-Mart. It mainly creates communication with suppliers. Electronic Data Interchange helps in communicating with the suppliers. Human Resources mainly concentrate organizational structure in Place and hiring senior managers in other areas. Transferability includes transfer to the Chinese markets by Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart maintains competitive advantage for external threats for meeting the needs of the customers in an overall manner (David, 2011). This particular company enhances International expansion and supporting social responsibility in buying products in the most appropriate way. How did Wal-Mart develop its advantages? Wal-Mart develops its advantages in retrieving for costs in case of profit margin by the manufacturers. This particular company ensures advantageous position in the retail sector. It includes development of hub as well as spoke distribution network. It involves low cost and increase in the delivery schedule. Wal-Mart involves good Human Resource Management as well as committed employees (Frynas Mellahi, 2011). Distribution channels of Wal-mart allows low-pricing structure and entering into new market. It mainly develops unique resources in the EDI system. It mainly focuses on the improved communication with suppliers as well as distribution centres. Wal-Mart enhances in improved inventory control in an overall manner. Wal-Mart involves in differentiated competition. It mainly launches and offers groceries for best shopping environment in an overall manner. It mainly creates strong brand name as well as good reputation in the retail industry in and around the world. It mainly concentrates on low prices as well as development of loyalty among customers for future growth perspectives in an overall manner (Henry, 2011). Customer Loyalty helps in increased development in case of reputation and helps in reduced price elasticity of demand in the most appropriate way. Sustainable advantage of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart ensures largest corporation and posses enormous status as well as reputation in the retail industry. It involves great at building as well as maintaining cordial relationship with the suppliers and stakeholders for the same. This particular business organization believes in continuous learning process with the help of integrated systems (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2011). It requires frequent meetings with store and conversation with managers. Wal-mart access over 70 million customers in and around the world. In case of distribution channels are concerned, it helps in logistics capabilities and adding with the entire system in an overall manner (Henry, 2011). Cross-docking as well as effective inventory management gives access with 3% cost advantage in an effective way. Assessment of Wal-Mart Competitors and ability to mitigate advantages Wal-Mart should face their competitors and involve in innovative strategy for mitigating the risk as far as possible. This particular retail organization should witness growing middle class of consumers in emerging markets like India and China (Cattani, 2011). This company should focus on global expansion and consolidation with the other related weak economy for the same. It needs to capture presence of new business channel for smooth functioning of business enterprise. Strategic Options of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart should plan for focussing on potential strategic options for better generation of revenue in the near future. This particular retail organization should plan on store investments as well as spend more on the E-commerce for enhancement of sales in an overall manner (David, 2011). They should plan for investing more money in the online business. It should plan for make changes in the store for attracting the potential customers and acquisition of new customers. To what extent do these options exploit Wal-Mart competitive advantages? Wal-Mart should implemment the above strategic options for gaining global presence and brand recognition in the near future. It will help in improving in the customer experience. Addition to that, Wal-mart can beat competitors easily on price terms (Frynas Mellahi, 2011). Finally, it will expand the product assortment in an overall manner. From the above analysis, it is easy to gather relevant information on growth strategy of Wal-Mart. This particular retail organization secures top-most position and finding ways for retaining in the global market. This study clearly defines the strategic competitive advantage as well as strategic options for the same. Reference List Cattani, G. (2011).Project-Based Organizing And Strategic Management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. David, F. (2011).Strategic management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Frynas, J., Mellahi, K. (2011).Global strategic management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Henry, A. (2011).Understanding strategic management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. (2011).Strategic management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Murphy, P., Murphy, A. (2012).Strategic management for tourism communities. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis Essay Example

Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis Essay Illusions A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay Is it a dream or reality? The connection between the real world and a world created by our own vivid imagination while we sleep is somewhat uncanny. A plethora of individuals cannot fathom how the brain can create such realistic scenarios in such little time. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, the author uses his knowledge of dreams to create his play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not only the title of this play but the overall theme as well. In the story dreams bring many changes within the plot. Dreams change the opinion of characters and open their eyes to a different reality. A large connection between dreaming and theater is made at the end of the play in Puck’s famous final speech. Midsummer also plays a large role in the theme of this play as well. We will discuss all of these topics within the next few paragraphs. â€Å"Like dreams, love is foolish, crazy and driven by desires. † Says an article called The Meaning of the Title in  A Midsummer Nights Dream  by Shakespeare. The relationship between the four lovers, Hermia, Helena, Lysander, and Demetrius is based on their dreams and desires. We will write a custom essay sample on Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Hermia had a nightmare depicting a snake eating her heart, â€Å"Methought a serpent ate my heart away,/And you sat smiling at his cruel  play† (pg. 64-65) it foreshadowed Lysander’s newfound love for Helena which was only temporary. Lysander was casted into a figurative dream as Puck placed the love petals upon Lysander’s sleeping eyes. When Lysander awoke and Helena was the first one he saw, Lysander began to long for her and fall in love with her. This is important to the plotline because it shows what a dream can do to a person. It also helps build Puck’s character as a careless trickster. Although Helena believes Lysander’s attempts to win her heart as merely a cruel joke the reader understands Lysander is trapped in a dream. Puck then with instruction from Oberon, the King of the Faeries places the love petals in the eyes of the sleeping Demetrius to let him fall deeply in love with Helena who loves him. At the same time Puck is instructed to put these petals into Titania’s, the Queen of the Faeries eyes so that she may hopefully fall in love with an â€Å"ounce, or cat, or bear† (pg. 55). This is so that Oberon can take the Indian boy away from Titania and use him as a servant. This will solve their marital problems and bring balance back to the mortal world. Titania falls in love with Bottom, of whom which was ironically transformed by the all magical Puck into an ass. â€Å"O Bottom, thou art changed! What do I see on thee? †(pg. 75) This shows the illusions of dreams and love. Titania was in love with what she thought to be the most majestic and absolutely wonderful mortal she had ever laid eyes upon while in reality the creature she fell in love with was an ass. This also shows irony connecting the stubborn personality of Bottom and what he was transformed into. The relevance of Midsummer in the theme of the play is that many things grow in the summer, thrive. It’s a wonderful time and usually what people think of when they think of love. It is the season for life and growth as winter is for death. The nice weather drives people out of their homes and into the open outdoors. This is appropriate because people like Lysander and Hermia wouldn’t normally in winter be traveling through the woods and stop to rest. It would be too cold. The setting also portrays a summer atmosphere. It also believed that the faeries come out to trick passing travelers in the nights of midsummer. They are known to play jokes on them and to get enjoyment out of mortals. This is probably why Oberon is so interested in Helena’s despair. He must feel sorry as well as want to have a little fun with the mortals. He then instructs Puck to fix her love problem. Puck, the trickster faery is very active during this time. He plays tricks on almost everyone in the play, finding enjoyment in transforming Bottom into an ass and making Titania fall in love with him. This play is based upon love, tricks, comedy, and dreams so the faeries coming out during this time was important to the main plot and in agreement with the legend of faeries coming out during midsummer nights. Lastly Puck’s final speech shows the connection between dreaming and theatre by stating â€Å"While these visions did appear. /And this weak an idle theme,/No more yielding but a dream†(pg. 172-173). This shows us that dreams happen in order to weave the importance of the main theme of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Without the illusion that clouded Titania’s eyes she might not have fallen so deeply in love with Bottom, the ass. During the practice of the play Pyarmus and Thisbe Snout wouldn’t have noticed that Bottom had been transformed. Without the illusion of the love petals of the pansy flower Lysander might have seen through the weak shade of fake love for Helena. He would have realized his heart belonged to Hermia. Demetrius may have never moved on and loved Helena. The ending during Puck’s speech really ties together the whole play and helps us come to the conclusion that dreams were necessary for the plot and theme of the play. Puck wants us to feel as if it was all a pleasant dream, but at the same time he wants us to remember everything that happened, good and bad and learn from it. Nothing in this play is quite what it seems so it is ironic at the end to be trusting Puck who is such a tricky character. What we take from his final speech is to enjoy the happy ending and always be wary of dreams. Dreams and reality coexist in our lives as much as they do in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. We understand the theme of this play more closely if we examine key points that support the theme and title as one. Illusions and reality, Puck’s final speech, and the relevance of midsummer help us connect the title and theme. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, the author uses his knowledge of dreams to create his play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not only the title of this play but the overall theme as well. As â€Å"honest Puck† (pg. 173) says before he departs â€Å"So good night unto you all. † (pg. 173) Bibliography A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Analysis of Lines 5-20 of the Epilogue.   Article Myriad. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. articlemyriad. com/midsummer-nights-dream-analysis/;. The Meaning of the Title in A Midsummer Nights Dream by Shakespeare Yahoo! Voices voices. yahoo. com.   Yahoo! Voices voices. yahoo. com. N. p. , 10 July 2005. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. ;http://voices. yahoo. com/the-meaning-title-midsummer-nights-dream-6294754. html;. Shakespeare, William. A midsummer nights dream. Washington Square Press new Folgers ed. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993. Print.

Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English Essay Example

Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English Paper How do poets create the illusion of the speaking voice? Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English and one other poem from section one. In your answer show how language is used in both poems to convey attitudes and values. Head of English by Carol Ann Duffy explores the idea of stereotypical teachers and how G.B. Shaws dictum, He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches may apply. Carol Ann Duffy is almost scornful towards her main character as she portrays the teacher as bitter and jealous. The teacher had to settle for the nearest thing to being a poet, which was to teach rather than write. Head of English uses only one voice whereas Comprehensive uses seven different personas; Carol Ann Duffy is famous for being a ventriloquist. Comprehensive by Carol Ann Duffy explores the different attitudes to education in schools and life in general by using different personalities, each one a stereotype. Each voice has an individual view and we can tell this by the structure of the poem and language used. We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Carol Ann Duffy creates voice through her perspectives and views that she uses in Head of English. The teacher is envious of the poet, one could say almost resentful and she makes the poet feel like an outsider, as if she is not welcome, as she says After all, were paying forty pounds. This insinuates that she is telling the poet that she is expecting her recital to be very impressive and that she has high standards, which must be met. The teacher tries to prove that she has power to the poet as she continues to control every little thing her pupils do. Please show your appreciation by clapping. This line shows us that she is in control of her class; her pupils must do what she says, when she says it. However, it is almost as if she is showing off when she follows her order with Not too loud. She is controlling them down to the finest detail, trying to stop her pupils showing their admiration to the poet, the kind of admiration she knows that she cannot obtain from them herself. The teacher knows she will never get the same amount of respect the pupils feel for the guest, a successful poet, because she is herself a failed one. The teachers lack of creativity appears when she says Seasons of mists and so on and so forth, instead of Keats season of mists and mellow fruitfulness. The teacher then dares to connect her own writing with that of the guest, an expert in poetry, when she says Ive written quite a bit of poetry myself. The teacher is desperate to be seen as a talented teacher and, more importantly, a poet. The voice Carol Ann Duffy uses in Head of English rarely addresses the guest speaker directly when her pupils are there. She calls the poet the Muse which is a rude way to talk to a guest, as she does not use their name, which implies she does not see any individuality. This suggests that she is jealous of the poet as she tries to treat the guest as if they are inferior to her; denial of the fact that she knows this is sorely untrue. The only time she addresses the poet directly is when her class have gone to a lunch break. Lunch in the hall? Do hang about. Unfortunately I have to dash. Tracey will show you out. This quote suggests several things, the first being that she has invited the guest to stay for lunch, yet she tells her that Tracey will escort her out of the building, as if to say that she must now leave that the lesson has finished, most probably because she does not want to spend any more time necessary than someone who is more successful than her. The choice of the name Tracey suggests that Carol Ann Duffy is laughing at the suggestions of vulgarity that the name unfairly kindles. Carol Ann Duffy tries to give the impression that the teacher focused on in Head of English is in an illusion of grandeur.

Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Essays Hamlet Essay Hamlet Essay Lorem Nathaniel nomen meum, et ego hodie loqui de Satanism, male maxime religionum semper, translated from latin one of the languages most used by Hollywood to depict Satanists means Hi my name is Nathaniel, and today I will be talking about Satanism, one of the most misinterpreted religions of all times. When most people think about Satanism they think about Latin speaking devil worshipers who sacrifice things from goats to babies. While this may have been true a few hundred years ago, it is now no longer like that and the Modern Church of Satanism tries to make sure that everyone knows that.See, the current Satanic church is more of a form of Atheism or agnosticism. From their very own website, the Modern Satanic Church, says The most important virtue in Satanism is the enjoyment of life. You are God. This is your world and so everyone and everything in it has been placed here for your own enjoyment. Anton Szandor LaVey the founder of the Satanic Church, whi le respected by the community his work is often seen as false. One of the main points of the church is to change the ways of old, they frequently test their old traditions and philosophies, and if it is not found to be useful, or doesnt serve a purpose, they are thrown out to make way for more functional teachings. One of the most important things that the church says, is that no matter what, A Satanist needs no church. They say A person need only declare themselves as Satan and strive to be a god by living a Satanic lifestyle. Yet we must not deny our underlying nature as a social animal. To satisfy this need, the Modern Church of Satan created a community where like-minded individuals can congregate. It is incredibly fulfilling to be associated with others who thirst for knowledge and success, who are compelled to better themselves and who knowingly squeeze every moment out of life, living each day as if it may be their last.

How Current Budget Cuts Affect Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Current Budget Cuts Affect Employment - Essay Example Legislative leaders persist that the future budget plan released is only the beginning hence will undergo wide revision before the ultimate budget is approved in the legislative session. Conservatives also argue that deep reductions are needed to harness the full benefits of the on-going programs aimed at realizing federal budget cuts. The shrinking government expenditure is spreading, influencing negatively the key sectors of the economy because of closures, job cuts and multibillion-dollar decrease in government services that supply a wide range of the economy (Dwivedi, 2010). The level of budget cuts would definitely have an impact on the economy since it exceeds what is likely to attribute to ineffectiveness, and it reduces some major programs that the state requires to remain competitive such as healthcare, transportation and education. The most significant effect the current budget cuts is in the education sector where assistance to school districts has been reduced to approxim ately $9.8 billion. This will directly led to a total loss of 100,000 jobs in school upon implementation. Significant budget cuts in the health and human services, and Medicaid runs through the healthcare industry, threatening loss of job among approximately 360,000 employees in the 592 hospitals in Texas alone. The Department of Aging and Disability Services, which employs millions of caregivers across the US is likely to be closed if the cuts are affected. This will lead to a massive loss of jobs. Local workers in homes for the elderly will subsequently lose their jobs and reduce expenditure, which would have a substantial on other economic sectors. State government would likely feel elimination of state jobs, but the reductions could reach elsewhere across the state, affecting positions in regional and district offices of state agencies. The proposed cuts have created anxiety among state workers, many of whom fear that they will eventually join private-sector counterparts in fili ng for unemployment, writing, and scouring postings. Deep reductions are required to reverse the irrelevant growth of bureaucracies in local school districts and the state government. Extended public employment, both at the school district levels and the state level, creates an extra strain on the state budget. The loss of a government worker results in the loss of one and half additional jobs when working on the total economic impact. Public job cuts also differ according to location. The loss of a government worker in a rural area or small town would have a more effect than government outpost in densely populated areas, which could absorb the loss easily (Lopus, 2003). Government has a positive effect by promoting growth of business and creates more private-sector jobs, which in turn offer job opportunities for government workers who have been displaced By eliminating childcare services, the states would get rid of all states’ childcare fund, which results to thousands of j ob loss. Since many providers work part time as childcare assistants, the proposed cuts affecting the job of child caregivers, would lead to loss of their jobs. In such circumstances, many parents would forego their

The Relationship between Multidisciplinary Teams Essay

The Relationship between Multidisciplinary Teams - Essay Example The supplying of medicines to the public is highly dependent on the type of medicine. Medicines are legally divided into three categories which include: Pharmacy (P), Prescription Only Medicine (POM), and General Sale List (GSL) (Jones, 2004). While GSL are supplied to the public through a wide range of facilities, such as supermarkets, P and POM medicines are only available at registered pharmacies. Moreover, in order to buy POM, the buyer must have prescription from a certified practitioner. Currently in Europe, there are two agencies that provide drug license: the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Mostly companies apply for an EMEA license as it is accepted all around EU while MHRA mainly functions within the United Kingdom (Davis, 2003). A company may apply for a drug license through a centralized system or a decentralized (or mutual recognition) system. In a centralized system, the committee assesses t he drugs to be used by human and monitors its impact before approving or disproving a drug for a license (Jones, 2004). One the other hand, in the decentralized system, a company may apply for a license in different member states, such as MHRA in the UK. One member state assesses the drug and based on the result other member states may object or agree to license the drug. If one or more member states object to the drug, the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) then advices the EU commission on whether to license the drug or not (Davis, 2003). The Medicines Act of 1968 is still used for the prescription, supply, and administration of medicine (Sturm & Unutzer, 2000). Back in 1989, the circumstances in which nurses might prescribe a drug were taken into consideration and it was recommended that nurses having qualification of a district nurse or health visitor should be given permission to prescribe certain drugs falling in the list of limited formulary (Department of He alth, 1989). This was implemented recommendation was implemented nationally in 1998 in England. The main route of drug supply is through a pharmacist who may prescribe POMs and P medicines (Jones, 2004). They may also prescribe black triangle drugs (Jones, 2004). However, this principle is not rigid and can be bent in situations that require some other health professionals to supply the drugs to assure health care (Crown, 1999). The medicine legislation allows the dentists and doctors to supply and administer medicines and also allows nurses and health workers to do so as directed by the doctor or dentist (Nuttall & Rutt-Howard, 2011). Moreover, the legislation also allows certain health professionals, including occupational therapists, chiropodists, and radiographers, to supply certain medicines. In August 2000, the Medicine Legislation was amended in order to clearly define and explain the Patient Group Directions PGDs and include other private and voluntary services (RCN, 2006). The amendment clearly defines the limited situations in which medicines may be administered under the PGDs as not doing so would jeopardize the health of the patient (RCN, 2006). A multidisciplinary non-medical prescribing team (MDPT) includes a team leader, which must be employed by the trust, who develops and maintains the roles of each member in the team using his or her professional skills. The MDPT plays an important role in shaping

Austrian School Cost Essay Example for Free

Austrian School Cost Essay Our behaviors and decisions in our daily lives are affected by economics. When making decisions, we will use economic theories either consciously or subconscious to decide if we will make or reject that decision. The same can also be used to explain our actions and behaviors when making an economic decision to purchase a house. This paper will evaluate how economics affect one’s decision to purchase a new house. First, the decision to purchase a new house is considered a large and important decision by many. This is because the prices of houses are usually very high, and thus purchasing a new house will greatly deplete the savings of an individual. The demand of houses is highly price elastic. Economic theories state that the larger the proportion of income a certain purchase requires, the more price elastic the demand will be. In the case of the purchase of a new house, it will require the spending of a large proportion of an average person’s income, hence this will greatly lower the purchasing power of the individual when the decision is made to purchase the house. Furthermore, buying a new house will require people to shift from a familiar environment to a less familiar environment and this can be a life-changing experience which may be scary to some. Hence, these are all factors which make the purchase of a new house a very difficult decision to make. There are various principles of economics that can be applied to a decision to purchase a new house. First, one of the principles will be that of trade-offs which people have to face. Every decision comes at a cost. In this case, the decision to purchase a new house will deplete people of a large proportion of their savings. The tradeoffs which they face will be alternatives which they get to enjoy with the same amount of money. For example, the same amount of money spent on a new house can be used on sending a child to university, going on a long holiday or purchasing a new vehicle. I have to remember even though the APR’s may be low and I have my down payment or even if I am using HUD as a first time buyer to eliminate closing cost or no fees at all there may still be one depending on my situation. Purchasing a new home is a big step not only the financial part of if but also the area I chose and the economy at this point and time. I must think ahead to how the economy will be now and later, as well as the housing area I chose. Will the neighborhood be a good choice for my kids, and will my house be a smart investment in terms of efficiency and equity? I need to determine if a recession will place my decision in purchasing a home the wrong time to buy. A recession could cause job lose and no income to pay my mortgage or even placing me in default to take out a loan on my home. Taking a loan on my home to make ends meet would cause me to pay double for my home and never actually own it. Tradeoffs are important when purchasing a new home because you have to be willing to give up miscellaneous items to get where u want to be, extra expenses are not a good idea when purchasing a new home.

Modelling of β-turns using Hidden Markov Model

Modelling of ÃŽ ²-turns using Hidden Markov Model Modelling of ÃŽ ²-turns using Hidden Markov Model Nivedita Rao Ms. Sunila Godara Abstract— One of the major tasks in predicting the secondary structure of a protein is to find the ÃŽ ²-turns. Functional and structural traits of a globular protein can be better understood by the turns as they play an important role in it. ÃŽ ²-turns play an important part in protein folding. ÃŽ ²-turns constitute on an average of 25% of the residues in all protein chains and are the most usual form of non-repetitive structures. It is already known that helices and ÃŽ ²-sheets are among the most important keys in stabilizing the structures in proteins. In this paper we have used hidden Markov model (HMM) in order to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins based on amino acid composition and compared it with other existing methods. Keywords- ÃŽ ²-turns, amino acid composition, hidden Markov model, residue. I. Introduction Bioinformatics has become a vital part of many areas of biology. In molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as signal processing or image processing allow mining of useful results from large volumes of raw data. In the field ofgeneticsandgenomics, it helps in sequencing and explaining genomes and their perceivedmutations. It plays an important part in the analysis of protein expression, gene expression and their regulation. It also helps in literal mining of biological prose and the growth of biological and gene ontologies for organizing and querying biological data. Bioinformatics tools aid in the contrast of genetic and genomic data and more commonly in the understanding of evolutionary facets of molecule based biology. At a more confederated level, bioinformatics helps in analyzing and categorizing the biological trails and networks that are an significant part of systems biology. In structural biology, bioinformatics helps in the understanding, simulation and modelling of RNA, DNA and protein structures as well as molecular bindings. The advancements in genome has increased radically over the recent years, thus resulting in the explosive growth of biological data widening the gap between the number of protein sequences stored in the databases and the experimental annotation of their functions. There are many types of tight turns. These turns may subject to the number of atoms form the turn [1]. Among them is ÃŽ ²-turn, which is one of the important components of protein structure as it plays an important part in molecular structure and protein folding. A ÃŽ ²-turn invokes four consecutive residues where the polypeptide chain bends back on itself for about 180 degrees [2]. Basically these chain reversals are the ones which provide a protein its globularity rather than linearity. Even ÃŽ ²-turns can be further classified into different types. According to Venkatachalam [3], ÃŽ ²-turns can be of 10 types based on phi, psi angles and also some other. Richardson[4] suggested only 6 distinct types(I,I,II,II,VIa and VIb) on the basis of phi, psi ranges, along with a new category IV. Presently, classification by Richardson is most widely used. Turns can be considered as an important part in globular proteins in respect to its structural and functional view. Without the component of turns, a polypeptide chain cannot fold itself into a compressed structure. Also, turns normally occur on the visible surface of proteins and therefore it possibly represents antigenic locations or involves molecular recognition. Thus, due to the above reasons, the prediction of ß-turns in proteins becomes an important element of secondary structure prediction. II. RELATED WORK A lot of work has been done for the prediction of ÃŽ ²-turns. To determine chain reversal regions of a globular protein, Chou at al. [5] used conformational parameters. Chou at al. [6] has given a residue-coupled model in order to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins. Chou at al. [7] used sequence of tetra peptide. Chou [8] again predicted tight turns and their types in protein using amino acid residues. Guruprasad K at al. [9] predicted ÃŽ ²-turn and ÃŽ ³-turn in proteins using a new set of amino acid and hydrogen bond. Hutchinson at al. [10] created a program called PROMOTIF to identify and analyse structural motifs in proteins. Shepherd at al. [11] used neural networks to predict the location and type of ÃŽ ²-turns. Wilmot at al. [12] analysed and predicted different types of ÃŽ ²-turn in proteins using phi, psi angles and central residues. Wilmot at al. [13] proposed a new nomenclature GORBTURN 1.0 for predicting ÃŽ ²-turns and their distortions. This study has used hidden Markov model to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns in the protein. HMM has been widely used as biological tools. (a) (b) Figure 1.1 (a) defines Type-I ß-turns and (b) defines Type-II ß-turns. The hydrogen bond is denoted by dashed lines. [14] III. Materials and methods A. Dataset The dataset used in the experiment is a non-redundant dataset which was previously described by Guruprasad and Rajkumar [9]. This dataset contains around 426 non-homologous protein chains. All protein chains do not have more than 25% sequence similarity. It is basically to ensure that there is very little correlation in the training set. In this dataset, each protein chain contains at least one beta turn and has X-ray crystallography with resolution 2 or more. The dataset shows there are mainly ten classes and other classes are made using the combination of these ten classes. Table 1 Datasets Description [14] B. Hidden markov model In our work, we have used the probabilistic feature of HMM for ÃŽ ²-turns prediction. A model is presumed that ruminate the protein sequence being generated with a stochastic process that alternates amid two hidden states: â€Å"turns† and â€Å"non-turns†. The HMM is trained using 20 protein sequences. The probability transition matrix is 2Ãâ€"2 for two states: turns and non-turns. The probability emission matrix is considered as 2Ãâ€"20 as there are 2 states and 20 amino acids. We prepared our probability transition matrix and probability emission matrix according to the knowledge that we have for dataset that is the probability of ÃŽ ²-non-turns is more than ÃŽ ²-turns in a protein sequence and by considering probabilities of each residue as the parameter taken from Chou [7] for calculating the emission and transition matrix. There are more than ten classes and this HMM model parameter is estimated in2 super states and the training was performed. Let P be a protein sequence of length n, which can also be expressed as Where ri is the amino acid residue at sequence position i. The sequence is considered to be generated from r1 to rn in hidden Markov model. The model is trained using Baum-Welch algorithm [15]. Baum-Welch algorithm is a standard method for finding the maximum likelihood estimation of HMMs, in which posterior probabilities were performed by using both forward and backward algorithms. These algorithms were used to compile the state transition probability and emission probability matrices. The initial probabilities are calculated, taking into account a correlation between residues in different position. The most probable path is calculated using Viterbi algorithm [16] as it automatically segments the protein into its component regions. The probability of residue in the protein sequence used to generate the emission matrix given by Where, m is the total number that of residue in the protein sequence and n is the total number of residues in the protein sequence. C. Accuracy measures Once the prediction of ÃŽ ²-turns is performed using the hidden Markov model, the problem arises of finding an appropriate measure for the quality of the prediction. Four different scalar measures are used to assess the models performance [17]. These measures can be derived four different quantities: TP (true positive), p, is the number of correctly classified ÃŽ ²-turn residues. TN (true negative), n, is the number of correctly classified non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues. FP (false positive), m, is the number of non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues incorrectly classified as ÃŽ ²-turn residues. FN( false negative), o, is the number of ÃŽ ²-turn residues incorrectly classified as non-ÃŽ ²-turn residues. The predictive performance of the HMM model can be expressed by the following parameters: Qtotal gives the percentage of correctly classified residues. MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient) [18] is a measure that counts for both over and under- predictions. Qpredicted , is the percentage of ÃŽ ²-turn predictions that are correct. Qobserved is the percentage of observed ÃŽ ²-turns that are correctly predicted. IV. results and discussions A. Results This model is used to predict the ÃŽ ²-turns and is based on hidden Markov model. There are basically two classes: turns and non-turns. It is used to predict one protein sequence at a time. It has been observed that it performs better than some existing prediction methods. B. Comparison with other methods In order to examine of this method, it has been compared with other existing methods as shown in table 2. For now, the comparison is done on a single protein sequence. The comparison is for protein sequence with PDB code 1ah7. Figure 2 shows comparison of Qtotal using different algorithms. Figure 3 shows comparison of Qpredicted using different algorithms. Figure 4 shows comparison of Qobserved using different algorithms. Figure 5 shows comparison of MCC using different algorithms. The HMM based method shows better results than some of the already existing algorithms of the prediction. Figure 2. comparison of Qtotal with different algorithms Figure 4. comparison of Qobserved with different algorithms Figure 3. comparison of QPredicted with different algorithms Figure 5. comparison of MCC with different algorithms Table 2 Comparison with other methods V. conclusion In this paper, we presented a way in which HMM can be used to predict ÃŽ ²-turns in a protein chain. Our method is used to predict turns and non-turns of single protein sequence at a time. The results thus obtained are better than some of the other existing methods. The performance of the ÃŽ ²-turns can further be improved by considering other techniques such as using predicted secondary structures and dihedral angles from multiple predictors or by using feature selection technique [19] or by considering combination of many features together. We can also combine different machine learning techniques together to improve the performance of the prediction. References Chou, Kuo-Chen. Prediction of tight turns and their types in proteins.Analytical biochemistry286.1 (2000): 1-16. Chou, P.Y. and Fasman, G.D. (1974) Conformational parameters for amino acids in helical, beta-sheet and random coil regions calculated from proteins.Biochemistry, 13, 211-222. Venkatachalam, C. M. Stereochemical criteria for polypeptides and proteins. V. Conformation of a system of three linked peptide units.Biopolymers6.10 (1968): 1425-1436. Richardson, Jane S. The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure. Advances in protein chemistry34 (1981): 167-339. Chou, P. Y., and G. D. Fasman. Prediction of beta-turns.Biophysical journal 26.3 (1979): 367-383. Chou, K.C. â€Å"Prediction of beta-turns† Journal of Peptide Research(1997): 120-144. Chou, Kou-Chen, and James R. Blinn. Classification and prediction of ÃŽ ²-turn types.Journal of protein chemistry16.6 (1997): 575-595. Chou, Kuo-Chen. Prediction of tight turns and their types in proteins.Analytical biochemistry286.1 (2000): 1-16. Guruprasad, Kunchur, and Sasidharan Rajkumar. Beta-and gamma-turns in proteins revisited: a new set of amino acid turn-type dependent positional preferences and potentials.Journal of biosciences25.2 (2000): 143. Hutchinson, E. Gail, and Janet M. Thornton. PROMOTIF—a program to identify and analyze structural motifs in proteins.Protein Science5.2 (1996): 212-220. Shepherd, Adrian J., Denise Gorse, and Janet M. Thornton. Prediction of the location and type of ÃŽ ²-turns in proteins using neural networks.Protein Science8.5 (1999): 1045-1055. Wilmot, C. M., and J. M. Thornton. Analysis and prediction of the different types of ÃŽ ²-turn in proteins.Journal of molecular biology203.1 (1988): 221-232. Wilmot, C. M., and J. M. Thornton. ÃŽ ²-Turns and their distortions: a proposed new nomenclature.Protein engineering3.6 (1990): 479-493. Available from :http://imtech.res.in/raghava/betatpred/intro.html Welch, Lloyd R. Hidden Markov models and the Baum-Welch algorithm.IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter53.4 (2003): 10-13. Lou, Hui-Ling. Implementing the Viterbi algorithm.Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE12.5 (1995): 42-52. Fuchs, Patrick FJ, and Alain JP Alix. High accuracy prediction of ÃŽ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ turns and their types using propensities and multiple alignments.Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics59.4 (2005): 828-839. Matthews, Brian W. Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Protein Structure405.2 (1975): 442-451. Saeys, Yvan, Ià ±aki Inza, and Pedro Larraà ±aga. A review of feature selection techniques in bioinformatics.bioinformatics23.19 (2007): 2507-2517.

Matrix Organizational Structure Essay

After reading the case, do you thing matrix organization structure can always bring success? A1. Matrix structure is effective in relatively large companies that cater to the needs of diverse markets with varying requirements. It is based on the basis of decentralizing power to various functional and operational heads so that they understand their respective domains or geographical regions and frame strategies accordingly. It is especially effective when an organization is in the growth phase and wants to go global with its products and services. There is a well defined hierarchy and the decisions taken by the individual domain of functional heads are more often than not in sync with each other. It lends the company flexibility and allows it to focus on multiple business goals. It also enables the company to establish economies of scale and facilitates in innovative solutions to complex, technical problems. On the contrary if a company is a start up phase their might be a fight for resources between the individual departments. Here a matrix structure can lead to a state of ambiguity as the divisional officers have to report to multiple divisional heads which creates conflict. The individual units end up competing with each other. Also there are additional costs owing to additional management and administration requirements. In such scenarios, centralized decision making system would be more effective than the matrix organizational structure. Q2. Identify some companies which have failed subsequent to introduction of matrix structure. List the reasons for failure and suggest what could be the appropriate structure for them? A2. In the 1990’s, some of the leading auto makers of the world resorted to the matrix structure-Toyota, Renault, Nissan, Ford, Mitsubishi etc. They were not entirely successful in their implementation. More power was delegated to the functional heads and leads to carry out the individual processes with their resources. The reasons for their failure could be: 1. The system became very complicated and difficult for the functional heads to carry out their functions. 2. There were too many functional divisions but not many engineers with the desired specializations 3. Coordination across projects was lacking 4. Each manger had to handle too many projects. 5. Production costs were higher 6. There wasn’t adequate sharing of common components among divisions 7. Led to competition between the individual segments for the limited resources so as to reduce cost. These industries should balance the need for a matrix structure with the specialized manpower and machines at their disposal. Instead of resorting to too much specialization in allocating divisions, they should club specialized divisions having common raw materials and technology requirements so that the costs of production are reduced and there is efficient use of resources. Also there would be better coordination and synergy between the constituent divisions in such a case.

Waste minimising and recycle in construction

Introduction:The building industry has a major impact on the environment, both in footings of the resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The building industry is responsible for bring forthing a whole assortment of different wastes, the sum and type of which depends on factors such as the phase of building, type of building work and patterns on site. The building industry generates a big sum of waste every twelvemonth. As building professionals we should follow a hierarchal attack to blow direction by taking chiefly to cut down the sum of waste produced so purpose to recycle and recycle any waste that is produced. Whilst the tendency is to reject the traditional methods of waste disposal in favor of sustainable waste schemes, the bulk of the building industry has placed waste decrease at the underside of research dockets because of complexnesss over reuse and recycling. Construction waste has a important impact on the environment and more accent must be put on cut downing waste production and increasing recycling and reuse.Wasteâ€Å" Sustainable waste direction means utilizing material resources expeditiously ; to cut down on the sum of waste we produce, and where waste is produced, covering with it in a manner that actively contributes to the economic, societal and environmental ends of sustainable development. † [ 1 ]Be ginnings OF WASTECLIENT ROLE:The client plays an of import function in the decrease of waste. This is for a ground that when the client changes his demands at a phase when building has already began, the stuffs which are already being used would be wasted as they no longer will be used in the new design.IMPORTANCE OF SKILLED LABOUR:The usage of skilled labors means that good techniques will be used and hopefully fewer errors will happen during the building stage. A error could take to the demand for replacing of stuffs. Thereby increasing the sum of waste generated.LOGISTICS OF MATERIALS:The logistics of stuffs to the site can besides play a portion in cut downing the waste ; this is for a figure of grounds. Packaging of stuff will make waste. Therefore, if a method is generated to cut down the sum of packaging so the waste will be reduced.AFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS:Waste will besides be generated due to the transit of the merchandise. While transporting, goods can be da maged due to the vehicular motions if proper attention is non taken and therefore acquire wasted. Delivering goods in big measures could bring forth jobs at the site as more storage may be required which may necessitate impermanent constructions or heating to maintain the merchandises in the right conditions, this adding to the sum of waste generated.Fabrication Defect:During fabrication, the maker produces merely a specific size, but the client may necessitate a somewhat different size, therefore the stuff is trimmed down on site. This creates a big sum of wastage. Besides a hapless maker may bring forth a figure of low quality merchandises that ca n't be used.SITE Managements:Site direction could besides be a factor that courses waste. Time direction and storage of stuff on site could class waste if the site direction is non every bit good as it should be. If stuffs are non used within a limited clip period or if when they are non stored decently, its belongingss might alter and t herefore may non be suited for the undertaking. An illustration of this is if concrete arrives on site and is forced to wait for the site to be ready, so the concrete might get down to put and therefore ca n't be used.TYPES OF WASTEThere are two chief types of waste in the building industry, this include solid waste ( which may be recycled or taken to landfill ) or gasses waste which may be a pollutant. Gaseous waste will be generated from a figure of different beginnings. In the building procedure a big sum of works and heavy machinery will be used. Most of this machinery will be driven by Diesel engines which will bring forth exhaust gases, these gases will be a waste merchandise generated in the contraction procedure. Waste gasses can besides indirectly be generated due to the building industry, gasses may be produced in the fiction and fabrication of different merchandises that are used. Solid waste can besides be split into subdivisions, waste that can be recycled or re-used and waste which will be put into landfill. There are a big figure of different waste merchandises that could be generated from the building industries such as, lumber, metals, concrete and more serious waste, which may be harder to recycle and recycle. These wastes include plastics, plaster boards and asbestos.How much Waste does the Construction Industry Produce?Construction and destruction ( C & A ; D ) waste includes brick, concrete, hardcore, undersoil and surface soil, but it can besides incorporate measures of lumber, metal, plastics and on occasion particular ( risky ) waste stuffs. Wastes occur from the building, fix, care and destruction of edifices and constructions. The Construction Industry Research and Information Association ( CIRIA ) have reported that an estimated 72.5 million metric tons of building and destruction waste are produced yearly. This is about 17.5 % of the entire waste produced in the U.K. Furthermore, 13 million metric tons of building stuffs are delivered to sites in the U.K. and thrown off fresh every twelvemonth. This is non sustainable. [ 3 ]Effects OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE ON THE ENVIRONMENTThe two chief types of waste generated by the building industry are solid wastes and gaseous wastes. Liquid wastes may besides be generated during building procedures, such as cleansing, but the consequence of such wastes is minimum and by and large local to a peculiar site. Gaseous waste is a sub-product from the usage of machinery in the building procedure, transit of stuffs and from the production of building stuffs. This type of waste is emitted to the air and has built-in effects on air quality. Solid waste can be generated from des truction and digging or may be fresh stuff from the building procedure. Some solid waste may be recycled or reused nevertheless the bulk is put into landfill sites, because of this the overarching mark of the UK authorities ‘s scheme for sustainable building is to cut down the sum of building waste to landfill by 50 % by 20121. Solid waste hence adopts the associated effects on the environment that landfill has. Of the solid waste that is put into landfill the bulk comes from the destruction of bing constructions and the digging of stuff to let building, nevertheless a comparatively little proportion consists of fresh stuffs generated from amongst others, design alteration, deficiency of skilled work force, site untidiness, hapless quality stuffs and industry and deficiency of merchandise information and cognition. Fresh stuffs will non merely lend to the environmental effects of landfill but will hold indirect environmental effects due to transit, production and packaging. The chief environmental effects of waste due to destruction and digging are emanations from transit and chiefly issues with landfill. Landfills are widely considered to hold inauspicious effects on the environing environment and public wellness. The chief types of environmental impacts caused by landfill sites are change to environing landscape, ocular invasion, debasement of air quality, pollution of land H2O and debasement of dirt quality. The building industry makes a considerable part as it makes up a big proportion of the entire waste assigned to landfill in the UK. Landfill sites by and large occupy a big country required for waste disposal itself every bit good as associated installations and adequate country to understate the effects on environing groundwater and dirt quality. Additionally in some instances digging and motion of stuff is required to make an country which is suited for the disposal of waste. Therefore, the environing landscape is adversely affected. The location of a landfill site is frequently sanely chosen so to understate the effects it has on the environing environment, nevertheless it may be impossible to turn up it so that it is wholly unseeable to the populace and the negative ocular impact a landfill site will hold on a community can non be avoided. Gaseous emanations from a landfill site come from the transit of waste, usage of machinery and more significantly the anaerobiotic digestion of organic affair bring forthing methane. Generation of gas in a landfill site is one of the largest beginnings of methane emanations to the ambiance ; methane holding a much greater planetary heating consequence than C dioxide every bit good as being harmful to worlds. Landfill sites hence have a negative consequence on air quality and public wellness. The precipitation that falls on a landfill coupled with the disposal of liquid wastes consequences in the extraction of H2O soluble compounds and particulate stuff, such as cement, dust and asbestos. Although nowadays steps are by and large taken to water-proof a landfill site ensuing solutions and mixtures will about surely end up in environing groundwater and dirt. Therefore, a debasement of groundwater and dirt quality occurs. Gaseous wastes are a byproduct of any development but have increased badness in big graduated table developments which require a big sum of stuff and associated transit, usage of a greater sum and variable machinery and occur over a longer timescale. Transportation system of stuffs will normally be by route, rail or on occasion by sea. In any instance the method of transit will bring forth gaseous emanations that will hold an overall planetary heating consequence and cut down the air quality locally and regionally. An increased local decrease in air quality occurs in countries around big developments with longer building times due to the drawn-out changeless usage of machinery in the same country. The production of building stuffs besides has a important consequence on air quality due to emanations of peculiarly detrimental waste merchandises from industrial workss.Godforsaken MINIMISATION:Definition of waste minimization:â€Å" The decrease of waste at beginning, by understanding a nd altering procedures to cut down and forestall waste. This is besides known as procedure or resource efficiency. Waste minimization includes the permutation of less environmentally harmful stuffs in the production procedure. † [ 4 ] Planing out waste at the initial phases of the building procedure provides the greatest chances for waste minimization. The best manner to pull off waste, peculiarly risky waste, is to pull off the procedure so that there is no waste to pull off. This is decidedly non easy, but the whole purpose is that when a similar idea occurs, waste can be minimised if non eliminated.Benefits of Waste Minimisation:* Increase resource efficiency * Reduce costs * Improve environmental public presentation * Demonstrate best pattern * Ensure conformity with legal duties * Reduce disposal to landfill * economic inducements * societal advantages * internal concern benefits * external concern benefits Waste minimization contributes to the addition efficiency in the use of resources. It besides helps in decrease of cost of overall undertaking, when the outgo over the waste is reduced ; thereby the cost of undertaking besides reduces. Waste Minimisation understandsenvironmental improvementssuch as ameliorated pollution control, development of environmentally friendly merchandises Waste Minimisation ensureslegal compliancewith European Directives, UK Legislation and Regulations. Waste minimization will well cut down the disposal to landfill, thereby cut downing the landfill revenue enhancement. Waste Minimisation haseconomic incentivessuch as diluted trade waste costs and better efficiency. It is of import that any industry respects in implementing the waste minimization enterprises because the debut of the landfill revenue enhancement means that waste disposal costs are set to increase in the hereafter. Waste Minimisation hassocial benefitsas the recycling and reuse methods allow employment and economic chances for local charities, voluntary groups, the community sector and concerns that can recycle or recycle stuffs. Waste Minimisation hasinternal concern benefitsby advancing a cultural alteration within any industry by fostering environmental consciousness. It besides provides an chance for staff preparation and makings every bit good as improved employee motive. Waste Minimisation hasexternal concern benefitsby pull offing a assortment of your concerns stakeholder relationships. Industry ‘s investors, clients, the general populace, the regulator, companies within your supply concatenation and contractors may necessitate grounds of good environmental public presentation or expression for a ‘green ‘ image. [ 5 ]How to accomplish the benefits:Waste minimization demands action on three foreparts:1. Peoples:Many decreases in waste can be accomplished through improved housework. It is important that employees are cognizant of the issues related to waste and are motivated and trained to forestall it.2. Methodology:A systematic attack to measurement and command foregrounds lacks and jobs, alters marks to be set and maintains degrees of efficiency.3. Technology:Capital investing in new engineering can heighten productiveness and lessening waste coevals, giving really short paybacks.METHODS OF WASTE MINIMISATIONThe procedure of waste minimization through ‘Designing out Waste ‘ is still at the early phase of development. Many barriers and chances exist in developing waste minimization schemes in design. If this procedure is considered in the early phases of building activities, there are chances for it to be. The waste hierarchy ( see figure 1 ) establishes waste decrease as one of the highest precedences for turn toing the increasing volumes of waste. The mark for any waste decrease scheme must be to concentrate on chances from the beginning, at the earliest phases of design. Many barriers and chances exist in developing a scheme of waste decrease in design.Opportunities for waste minimization exist in four building countries:1. Undertaking Planing 2. Pre-Construction 3. Off-site Activities 4. On-site ActivitiesUndertaking Planning:During undertaking be aftering stage, it is indispensable that waste direction scheme is made for better net income borders. Focus on riddance of waste is the premier factor. Communicating schemes with client, developer, interior decorator, builder, undertaking director, contractors and providers is really of import. Analysis on waste decrease program should be done.PRE Construction:This phase involves three countries where waste decrease is possible. * Designing: proper and accurate dimensions, suggesting standard stuff sizes, edifice for deconstruction ( can be easy reused if future alterations occur with easiness and minimal wastage ) and operational waste decrease. * Estimating: over appraisal of needed stuffs leads to wastage. * Buying: Buying environmental friendly points, utilizing procurance policy as stipulating makers and providers your exact demands reduces the sum of waste.Off-site ACTIVITIES:AA · Prefabrication: By preassembling frames and trusses, timber waste can be decreased to an extent.On-site ACTIVITIES:* Delivery and storage of stuffs. * Packaging * Separation of stuffs. * Safe disposal of ineluctable waste.WASTE MINIMISATION STRATEGIESPull offing and supervising the different waste watercourses on a building site requires a elaborate waste minimization scheme. This needs careful planning throughout the design, physique and tenancy stages, to guarantee its success, effectivity and conformity with edifice ordinances. There are three basic schemes for covering with waste: cut down, reuse and recycle. Waste bar is the ideal, and this can be addressed foremost by placing possible waste watercourses early on in the physique procedure, and so planing for their minimization. Using standard sizes for edifice constituents ( Windowss, doors etc. ) can forestall future waste, as can plan for deconstruction, utilizing reclaimable constituents. It has been estimated that over telling histories for 13 million metric tons of new edifice stuffs being thrown out every twelvemonth. Better communicating between constructing professionals to guarantee exact computations of needed stuffs are made can intend that this waste is prevented. Just-in-time bringing schemes can farther cut down waste created by improper storage and conditions harm. Once waste has been produced, the best method of pull offing it is through reuse either on the bing site, or a nearby site. Many stuffs can be usefully reclaimed, and even sold to countervail the costs of a edifice undertaking. Recycling stuffs is the concluding option for pull offing waste. Materials that can be reused or recycled demand to be identified early on the physique procedure, and segregated for easy storage, aggregation and transportation. For the scheme to be effectual, links besides need to be established with local recycling and reuse installations and contractors. [ 6 ]OCCUPANCY WASTESustainable edifice pattern goes one measure further than conventional pattern, by planing for waste minimization in the operation of the edifice, through gray H2O recycling, composting lavatories, on site nutrient composting and off-site recycling installations, therefore assisting to cut down residential waste. [ 7 ]Legislative ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:LANDFILL TAXThe landfill revenu e enhancement purposes to promote waste manufacturers to bring forth less waste, retrieve more value from waste, through recycling or composting, and to utilize more environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal. The revenue enhancement applies to active and inert waste, disposed of at a accredited landfill site.The purposes of the landfill revenue enhancement are:* To advance the ‘polluter wages ‘ rule, by increasing the monetary value of landfill to better reflect its environmental costs ; * To advance a more sustainable attack to blow direction in which less waste is produced and more is recovered or recycled. There are two rates of revenue enhancement. Inactive waste is capable to the lower rate at ?2 per metric ton. Active waste is capable to ?15 per metric ton, lifting at ?3 per metric ton per twelvemonth from 2005/06 towards a long-run rate of ?35 per metric ton. Her Majesty ‘s Customs and Excise has updated its General Note on the Landfill Tax. The counsel replaces the old version ( February 2000 ) to include the alterations to the revenue enhancement liability of stuffs re-used on landfill sites ; licenses issued under ordinances under subdivision 2 of the Pollution Prevention and Control Act ( 1999 ) that authorise sedimentations or disposals in, or on the land ; the alterations to the liability to pay landfill revenue enhancement and alterations to the Landfill Tax Credit Scheme. The Landfill Tax Regulations have been clarified following a legal challenge brought by a waste direction company last twelvemonth. [ 8 ]SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS ( SWMPS )Site Waste Management Plans ( SWMPs ) are an of import tool for building companies and their clients, of all sizes, to better their environmental public presentation, meet regulative controls and cut down lifting costs of disposing of waste. This papers sets out the basic construction of SWMPs and how companies can outdo utilize them to better and pull off their operations at all phases of site activity. It includes utile checklists and other counsel to assist guarantee the Plan is a practical tool. Note that it is non indispensable for there to be a separate SWMP papers for your site – the counsel given here can every bit good be included in a Waste Management Section of an overall Site Environmental Management Plan. [ 9 ]THE PURPOSE OF SWMPS:SWMPs purpose to turn to two cardinal issues:1. Bettering stuffs resource efficiency, by advancing the economic usage of building stuffs and methods so that waste is minimised and any waste that is produced can be re-used, recycled or recovered in other ways before disposal options are explored ; and 2. Reducing fly-tipping, by curtailing the chances available for the illegal disposal of waste by guaranting conformity with bing legal controls and supplying a full audit trail of any waste that is removed from the building site. Although it is a legal demand to compose and implement a SWMP, the greatest cost nest eggs are likely to be achieved as a consequence of the consideration of stuffs resource efficiency which will be a necessary portion of the readying, before the SWMP is drafted. [ 10 ]WASTE AS A VALUABLE RESOURCEEffective waste direction can cut down edifice and operating costs, heighten the repute of the edifice industry, and besides bring forth new gross watercourses through developing recycling and repossessing markets. Reducing building waste besides saves landfill infinite, conserves valuable natural resources, saves energy and creates less pollution by cut downing transit and fabrication procedures, with a extenuating consequence on clime alteration.Decision:Harmoniz ing to the ODPM waste study ( 2001 ) , the C & A ; D industry in Wales produces about 5.02 million metric tons of waste per twelvemonth ; this is about 30 % of all controlled waste originating in Wales. Given the graduated table of the building industry in Wales and the measure of waste produced, it has great possible to take the manner in waste minimization, re-use and recycling. [ 11 ] Waste minimization is now an instituted concern pattern for many administrations and a figure of industries have enforced waste decrease programmes. Reducing waste is a key to a cleaner universe and more competitory industry. It would non be just to reason that edifice services should undergo radical redesign or standardization merely to cut down wastes in building. However, the decrease of waste, in footings of stuffs or clip is good to all because a decrease in cost will ensue in better systems within the same budget. [ 1 ] CIOB. ( ) .Sustainability and Construction.Available: www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/sustainability.pdf? ref=74. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 2 ] CIBSE. ( ) .DESIGNING TO ENCOURAGE WASTE MINIMISATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cibse.org/pdfs/Construction % 20waste % 20minim.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 3 ] CIOB. ( ) .Sustainability and Construction.Available: www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/sustainability.pdf? ref=74. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 4 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Waste bar and minimisation.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/Waste_prevention_minimisation? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 5 ] Perth & A ; Kinross Council. ( 2008 ) .Benefits of waste minimisation.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pkc.gov.uk/Planning+and+the+environment/Waste+and+recycling/Commercial+waste/Waste+minimisation+for+business/Benefits+of+waste+minimisation.htm. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 6 ] Sustainable Build. ( ) .Reducing and Pull offing Waste.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ReducingManagingWaste.html. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 7 ] Sustainable Build. ( ) .Reducing and Pull offing Waste.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ReducingManagingWaste.html. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 8 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Landfill tax.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/landfilltax/ ? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 9 ] dti. ( 2004 ) .SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/site_waste_management_plan.b230bcd7.2323.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 10 ] defra. ( 2008 ) .Non-statutory counsel for site waste direction plans.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/construction/pdf/swmp-guidance.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 11 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Construction and Demolition.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/construction_demolition/ ? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009.

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Hamlet - The Real Tragedy Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet - The "Real" Tragedy In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death of a character becomes a frequent event. Although many people lose their lives as a result of their own self-centered wrong-doing, there are others whose death are a result of manipulation from the royalty. This is the case of Polonius? family. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius? family because their deaths were not the consequence of sinful actions of their own but rather by their innocent involvement in the schemes of Claudius and Hamlet. The first character to die in Hamlet is Polonius. Although Polonius often acts in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he is carrying out plans devised by the king or queen to discover the nature of Hamlet?s madness. Being the king?s Lord Chamberlain, it is his duty to obey the king and queen?s wishes and it is this loyalty that eventually proves to be fatal for him. An example of hoe Polonius? innocent involvement with the royalty results in his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the arras in Gertude?s room. This shows how Polonius, a man unaware of the true nature of the situation he is in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one of their schemes. This makes Polonius? death a tragedy. The next member of Polonius? family to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia?s death is tragic because of her complete innocence in the situation. Some may argue that Polonius deserves his fate because of his deceitfulness in dealing with Hamlet while he is mad, but Ophelia is entirely manipulated and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet takes place in Act II, scene I, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family he is mad. Ophelia explains to Polonius how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition". Although this is the subject to interpretation and many believe that this is simply Hamlet taking one last look at Ophelia before he becomes engaged in his plan to kill Claudius, the fact that he scares her and does not try to alleviate these fears points to the conclusion that he is simply using her to help word of his madness spread throughout the kingdom via Polonius. In Act III, scene iv, Hamlet kills Polonius while he is hiding behind the arras in the Queen?s room. This event causes Ophelia to become insane and leads to her eventual death in a river near the castle in Act IV, scene vii. It can be seen how the combined scheming of Hamlet?s scheme which brings about the death of Polonius which leads to Ophelia?s death. The passing of Ophelia is a tragedy because she does nothing deserving of death, she is merely used for other people?s personal gain. The last member of Polonius? family to die is Laertes, Ophelia?s brother and Polonius?s son. Laertes? death is tragic because, although he kills Hamlet, he is avenging his father?s death, an act, with reference to the moral climate of the 1600s, that would have been condoned by the people who saw the play. The difference between Hamlet and Laertes is that Laertes does not use others to attain his goals and his revenge is in part due to the pressure put on him by Claudius. This makes Laertes? murder of Hamlet excusable and his death a tragedy. An example of how Claudius uses Laertes to try and murder Hamlet is seen in Act IV, scene vii. Claudius and Laertes are discussing Hamlet when Claudius says: Laertes, was your father dear to you? Or are you like painting of a sorrow, A face without a heart? He is asking Laertes whether he is really sorry about his father?s death or if he is just acting mournful without feeling mournful. Claudius uses these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to kill Hamlet, asking him what will he do to prove his

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Were the colonies justified to essays Were the colonies justified to declare independence? In 1763 after the war between the French and Indians and the English started the send more troops into the US and started to make new laws to get more money to Britain from the US. Even though the British had won the war they had a lot of financial trouble. They had now huge debts and they had to repay them somehow. These debts were too large for the English to pay so they thought that they could get all the money out of the colonies. Of course the Americans didnt like this and this is the reason that they declared their independence. The British started many different acts and duties like the Stamp Act which put taxes on almost everything written, the Sugar Act which put taxes on sugar, coffee and wines that were imported to the US in substantial amounts, Quartering act which wasnt a tax but the Americans had to feed the British soldiers sent to America. The British thoughts about there rights to tax the colonies are written by Thomas Whately in his pamphlet considerations The Colonists of course disliked and hated these taxes and started protesting against them. There where many incidents where the colonist attacked the British or the other way around. Maybe some of the most famous are the burning of the Ship Gaspee, the Boston massacre and Boston tea party. The Boston massacre wasnt really a massacre because only 5 people died but it made the colonist furious. This happened in 1770. After the massacre also the Boston tea party happened here. This time the Sons of liberty were behind it. The English very mad at the colonist for the resistance and killing of their soldiers but they didnt understand that the Americans didnt like their new laws and taxes and they continued to ad new ones and wouldnt change the old ones. Of course this furiated the Americans because the taxes were really too high and the only pur ...

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Framework for Ethics - Coursework Example is end, Anandarajan (2002) observed that it is of an importance measure the organization’s structural and ethical behavior through some structured frameworks. It is evident that various organizations employ these models to measure their structural and moral conduct as a way of saving the trust of stakeholders. This can be alluded to the successful ends that these models attain in establishing ethical culture in an organization, steer moral decision making as well as enhancing the overall execution of results (Anandarajan, 2002; Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2013). The scope of this paper is thus limited in the discussion of only two of these frameworks that organization can employ, namely; Balanced Scorecard and the Triple Bottom Line. The component of these framework models would be analyzed in relation to how they can be used to enhance ethics and business performance. Moreover, the paper presents how organization can make use of these models as approaches of driving ethical decision-making as well how organization incorporate the ethical models in the corporate relations. Balanced scorecard model is defined as a multidimensional way of making executive estimations and administration control within a particular organizational structure (Henriques, 2004). In other words, Balanced Score Card (BSC) can be defined as an execution metric which is used mostly in strategic management to improve and advance various internal functions and so their resulting external outcomes (Boatright, 2009). A single most formidable quality of the model is the great emphasis it places on ensuring that performance measures are linked with the activity plans at all levels within a business unit. To further explicate on BSC, Brown (2000) posits two significant approaches to implementing it; centralized and decentralized. Centralized approach is mainly a tool for top management to impart centrally formulated strategies down the organizational administration. On the other hand, a

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Employee Involvement and Employee Participation - Essay Example However, the increase of competition in all industries worldwide resulted to severe turbulences in most firms’ internal and external environment. In this context, efforts are made so that the interests of employees are adequately promoted ensuring that job satisfaction and employee performance are at high levels. Moreover, emphasis is given on the involvement of employees in all organizational activities. The modes of employee participation and employee involvement, as these terms reflect different aspects of the employment relationship, are analyzed below. Particular reference is made to shared capitalism which is often regarded as a form of employee involvement. Employee involvement is differentiated from employee participation. In order to understand the characteristics of these two terms it would be necessary to refer to their definitions, as they have been developed in the literature published in this field. In accordance with Foot and Hook (2008) employee involvement is used in order to reflect the right of employee to participation in various phases of organizational activities. It is explained that the above right is provided to employees in order for their engagement and productivity to be increased (Foot and Hook 2008). On the other hand, Secord (2003) defined employee involvement as ‘a range of processes designed to engage the support, understanding and optimum contribution of all employees in an organization’ (Secord 2003, p.231). From a similar point of view, Cummings and Worley (2008) note that employee involvement reflects ‘the participation of employees in various organizational decisions’ (Cummings and Worley 2008, p. 350). The cases of Wells Fargo and Verizon as mentioned as examples of the potential effects of employee involvement in organizational decisions. It is explained that the above organizations supported employee involvement, by encouraging their employees to suggest practices that would help towards the increase of organizational performance. In accordance with Kirkman, Lowe and Young (1999) employee involvement can have three levels: ‘a) the parallel suggestion involvement, b) the job involvement and c) the high involvement, or, else, empowerment’ (Kirkman, Lowe and Young 1999, p.4). The mode of employee involvement promoted within a particular organization is depended on the organization’s culture but also on its aims. Employee involvement, as described above, is differentiated from employee participation, a term used in order to describe the regulation of employment relationship by the state. Of course, employee participation can also refer to empowerment and participation in decision-making but it refers to these activities as related rather to industrial democracy, i.e. for highlighting a right given by the state, as for instance, the collective bargaining right (Evans 2001). In accordance with Rose (2008) employee participation can be defined as Ã¢â‚¬Ë œthe extent to which employees and their representatives should and do enter into joint decision making with management’ (Rose 2008, p.335). Winstanley and Woodall (2000) note that since 1980s the context of employee participation has been changed; in its new form, the term employee participation is used in order to show the increase of employee commitment as a means for promoting organizational change. In any case employee involvement often incorporates the elements of employee parti

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The theme in The Lord Of The Flies by William Golding Essay Example for Free

The theme in The Lord Of The Flies by William Golding Essay The pristine stillness of the sandy knoll was set off by the crystal shine of the waves slowly rolling toward shore. The waves gently lapped at the pure white sands of an island in the Pacific Ocean. The only object that stood out of from the perfectly even surface that only an undisturbed course of nature could create, at first glance appeared to be only a rock. The rough spiky surface of the object made the glass-like smoothness seem like a mahogany table with a nail driven into it. If one were to pass by it on a lonely beach they would think it only to be an odd stone, but if the shell were to be flipped over, it would reveal an aurora of pinks and creams. The smoothness to the touch is unsurpassed in almost any element of creation. Many are fooled by the unsurprising outside but the few who take the time to examine it closely are treated a sight incredible beauty. None could guess that this shell would play a strategic role in the survival of a group of boys stranded on that very island peace and euphoria. The theme of this book is the inevitable decline of civilization without rules and order. In almost every thing we do there is an order and society and everyone has a place in that society. A huge example could be government where the head of government rests mainly with the president and he decides how the country should run. While on a Soccer team there is a captain who decides many things for the team and how the game should be played. Its not always a leader but it could be a symbol of leadership, a scepter is a symbol of the kings power and it granted the right to state the persons opinion. Just like the scepter was a leadership symbol, and played an essential role in the society of the kingdom. The conch plays a vital role in the order of the boys society. The sound of the conch reverberated throughout the island and soon children the thick jungle and beach became alive with running children. Ralph and Piggy are the first ones to find the conch. From the very start the conch is the thing that brings the boys together and gets organized. At the first meeting of the children who were stranded on the island, Ralph began by making rules and putting to the vote that should become leader. Another rule, which was clearly defined, was that whoever was holding the conch had the right to say anything that he wished. Throughout the rest of the story the conch is used mainly to call meetings. During these meetings whomever had the conch had the right to speak. The conch was like a scepter, which granted rights to the speaker. Ralph and Jack, the rival leaders, one represents order and civility under desperate situations, the type of society and logic that would have made the best British proud. The other leader led his group the inevitable social decline of a society with no regulations or boundaries. The wild savagery of this group was displayed in their brutal murder of both Simon and Piggy who posed no harm to any of them. Every modern civilization has a symbol of justice and supremacy. The conch is the symbol of Ralphs tribe which looked for ways to be rescued and survival instead of becoming uncontrollably wild. Jack, who was the chief of the other tribe, immortalized the pig and hunting, the killing and eating of it. When Jack formed his own band, it is a turning point in the story. Ralphs plan of survival and rescue becomes threatened and eventually destroyed by the escalating savagery and cruelty of the savage tribe. It started innocently, almost a game. Jack and the choirboys were going to be the hunters for the boys stranded on the island. Unfortunately the pig hunting became an obsession and when they finally did kill a pig with their primitive means they began to act primitively. This is illustrated by when the boys during their feast at the castle rock failed to recognize the conch as the supreme authority. Piggy said right before he died: Stop it you are acting like a bunch of kids. Piggy was referring to what we would call terrible two-year-olds. They thought that they knew better, and like most two year-olds led them only to trouble and they always think that they are the authority on every issue. That is exactly what the hunters were doing, not listening to authority. They refused to pay attention to the voice of wisdom (Piggy) and not only did not listen but destroyed Piggy and the conch. Throughout the book Ralph had blown the conch to assemble meetings. They had used it as a symbol of authority, something to give the boys a sense of order and dignity. When Jack didnt listen to the call of wisdom all order and society collapsed. The theme of this book is the inevitable decline of civilization without rules and order. In almost every thing we do there is an order and society and everyone has a place in that society. A huge example could be government where the head of government rests mainly with the president and he decides how the country should run. While on a Soccer team there is a captain who decides many things for the team and how the game should be played. Its not always a leader but it could be a symbol of leadership, a scepter is a symbol of the kings power and it granted the right to state the persons opinion. Just like the scepter was a leadership symbol, and played an essential role in the society of the kingdom. The conch plays a vital role in the order of the boys society. This story clearly illustrated the fragility of civilization. The conch represents the systematic order that hold it all together. As was exemplified in this story man can easily go back to their wild unruly state. Draft horses can illustrate this point, The only thing that holds them from doing their own way is the bit in the horses mouth. Even though this piece of metal is puny compared to the half-ton of meat and muscle, without this vital part of equipment the horse would have no idea what to do or where to go. And all order and discipline would go to the dogs.