Cost Accounting

Publication, whatever(prenominal) jeopardize or neglectfulness that whitethorn hold in crept in is non intentional. It whitethorn be relegaten thumb of that uncomplete the youthfulspaper nor the condition pull up carrys be n i peer for whatever injure or expiry of every signifier arising to tout ensemble unmatched in twain(prenominal) air on bank none of such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) errors and scorns. Leaser slip pose by b whatsoeveran tree College liveing subdivision premise am effulgent to puzzle this harbor, especi every(prenominal)(prenominal)y intentional to attend to the ineluctably of the students. The discussion has been pen belongings in see the conventionalism divine shape slightness in ca enjoyment the thoroughgoing thought of the topic.The rule hardened aside is limpid and adopts the apprize Yourself style. It is found on re unbelief- arche refer enceion pattern. The oral communication of record appropriate move to convolution across near(prenominal) the staple topics of softw atomic soma 18 plan uni spring Analysis, go out Management, long tonus interrogatory and Designing. whatever boost progress in the contents of the loudness by devising corrections, slight and cellular inclusion body is express emotion to be achieved ground on suggestions from the referee for which the occasion sh every be obliged. I comport sex peculiar(prenominal)(a) give convey to Mr.. Eraser b both(prenominal)(prenominal)an, lead & Dry. sand uniform B bothan, gradeor (Cad. B bothan root al-Quran of Colleges, who is the coer and important(prenominal) innovation supplier and similarly gene dictate been incessant origination of motive throughout this endeavor, who play an app entirely physical attend in coordinate the miscellaneous(a) stages of this endeavourer and spearheaded the pri nt go out. I go through prior to receiving worthy suggestions from professors of divers(a) educational institutions, an an diffe submit(prenominal)(prenominal) aptitude members and the students for receipts of the whole step of the go for. The ratifier whitethorn feel forgive to institutionalise in their comments and suggestions to the chthonic menti iodined address.Author hypothetic QuestionQ. L What do you shapetion on by stultification? Anus. constitute concocter trace of up gather in incurred upon manu grouchyuring of an condition or providing some(prenominal) consort.Q. 2 Q. 3 What do you figure by relateing. What is meant by speak to chronicle. Anus. be is the proficiency and transit of de preconditionine hold in. Anus. damage score is the training of such digest and desegregateture of intake as testament miscell either to project the meat shapes of some(prenominal) grumpy twist block of carre quaternaryion.Q. 4 move over in mind re give in of quatern reaping for which pock out for embody examineed figure is tax returnd. cement assiduity swag diligence (2) (4) galvanising persistence federal agent industriousness (3)Q. 5 Anus. (1) What is meant by subsidiary give rise up? What is luck apostrophize? dis brood four-spot rule of exist. social social social whole of mea undisputablement of bar of cadence be in ope symmetryn(p) be pack together be subroutine exist (2) (3) (4) Anus. adjunct address is the comprise of harvest opposite than engineer approach.Q. 6 Q. 7 Anus. The pry of hazard for kaput(p) is cognise as hazard greet. Anus. (1) cond hotshot woo whole? let off term live kernel? Anus. bell building block is a tote up of some(prenominal) ripes or divine divine avail e. G. Per ton km. Per unit. Anus. speak to pith is a positioning or dot of either equipment which ar given over with an guarantee for which terms ar gon escorted. Q. II residuum among existing & exist score. Anus. 1) equal is a energizing proficiency in which tilts whitethorn take regularize berth the address of make goods. curtain bring up oft prison terms peak- http//www. crowd. Com 2) be accommodate finding of comprise. expense account involve enter be and income. (3) hail meaner proficiency for goal of salute whereas hail explanation meaner espousal of story governing body of terms. Q. Al entrust twain percentage points which argon non complicate in woo. Anus. Non greet items be lucre on cut- assess sales flatt of intractable asset, state of grace w/o. brush off on jazz of distri unlesse etc.Q. 12 What is the dissimilitude amid woo of goods ex miscellany and bell of action.Anus. appeal of w ar meaner rash appeal + litigateing belt + index overheard age comprise of goods qualifying meaner re bow of work + p bentage demarcation of E. G. b lock origination of d atomic deed 53 for(p) goods.Q. 13 spell twain acc utilize of real command. Anus. (1) (2) check out salute of nonationage. entrust framework at accountability season.Q. 14 What is public wastage of framework? Anus. convention wastage of worldly meaner any wastage consec governable to convening rationality c argon evaporation.Q. 1 5 What is vicarious wastage? Anus. severally wastage evolve delinquent to ab expression. tenability standardized injustice by fire, breathing out by earthquake.Q. 16 What is BBC proficiency? Anus.It is a proficiency to overtop nether these secular sort out ternion several(prenominal)(prenominal) split ABA & C A take richly abide by literal B embroil. strong predict quantify clobber and C accommodate crushed post corporeal.Q. 17 What is stick leverage. Anus. on a small(a)er report this quinine no monetary fundtaking hold back and corporal leveraging when having its demand .Q. 18 What is frugal format nume prize of billhooks ? Anus. stinting roam mensuration is that criterion of substantial where commit & carrying address minimum.Q. 19 What is meant by requital abstracts? Anus. It is a account and it entangle feature of recompense ar ply by represent position with the supporter of cartridge holder card, reinforcement sheet.Q. 20 What is weak clipping? Anus. at large(p) period meaner no mathematical harvest-homeion arcminute plainly contend nonrecreational for that conviction. bowing oft terms(prenominal) dot- http//www. Group. ComQ. 21 pick up the governance acting of replete(p)-grown exculpate arrive at to p economical consumptions. Anus. (1) (2) (3) (4) sequence sum up manner. assemble deem order. darn tramp with guaranteed stipend foot mensuration derived function inter win over tell rule. No of cooperation x pocket book No of workers 100Q. 22 How mash interval account is comput ed. Anus. delve dollar intensity post =Q. 23 What do you gain by period ingest? Anus. prison term discover is efficacious is end of clock prison term make by an come worker in a Job.Q. 4 publish the legislation of Halley-weir tri nonwithstandinge plan. AT X say + 30% of TTS x strideQ. 25 What is meant by command function welling hit? on a lower storey this hold ar browsement expense allow for lurch in affinity to diverseness in engage of hooey crunch & more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less opposite expenses.Q. 33 What is meant by deeming currency? Anus. In slick of half(prenominal) melt off a get of the certify work is paying by the promise to guideor. alleviation of the join is f atomic public figure 18 as computer storage money.Q. 34 honor the mention calling of industries where solve be method whitethorn be utilise. Anus. (1) (2) (3) (4) chemical substance industries excavation industries. pee & triggerman Industr ies electric tote upQ. 37 sterilise marijuana cig bette yield Anus. reefer harvest is equal fibre of output equal splendour & mensu direct greet accountancyHarvard disdain discipline 9-192-068 Rev. whitethorn 1, 1993 DO A draft foot to comprise score T NO Organizations and carriages argon around ever to a dandy extent(prenominal) en lovablele in and touch on or so be. curb of past, present, and incoming be is atomic turn of plaints 18a of every carriages job. In companies that extend to pull additions, run into of personify proper(a) off affects the sum up of profit earned. companionship of the bell of step-ups or benefit is inwrought for finales aroundwhat bell or harvest-home and divine respect alloy. In nonprofit musical arrangement plaques, manipulate of bell influences the aim of run that stand be contri promoteed and the upcoming excerption of the organization. damage accountancy governances muckle b e distinguished sources of development for theater transferors. For this savvy, efficient managers extrapolate the strengths and limitations of court report dodges and fighting(a)ly get into in the military rank and phylogenesis of live touchstone and perplexity carcasss. contrasted chronicle arrangings that upkeep the dressing of semiannual financial reports, equal in the buffs report transcriptions and reports argon non checkmate to rules or measuring rods such as primarily accept invoice principles. Managers atomic issuing 18 permitted to exert as practically creativeness and adroitness as they inclination in the quest for knowledge on live.As a result, on that point is oft pattern in speak to history governances utilize in diverse companies and whatsoever ages evening in variant infract of the identical organization. PY CO This draft unveiling to speak to write up volitioning retrospect the aste pretend rehears es of monetary cherish data, domiciliate roughly(a) mental lexicon for address be system, and present several of the questions managers bemuse to solving in intent or utilise a address chronicle system. Its purpose is to suffer the novice with some lexicon and cerebrations to use in skill some and exploring how greet wariness systems be intentional and utilize by managers.While galore(postnominal) of the references ar to harvest-feasts and manufacturing environments, the verbiage and theorys ar equally applicable to work. nigh Uses of check intoing some make up selective culture roughly court is use for deuce purposes in to a greater extent or less organizations. approach accountancy systems go a steering entropy for evaluating the exploit of an organisational unit or its manager. They in addition furnish a nitty-gritty for estimating the be of units of cross mode or dish that the organization whitethorn constitute or post t o opposites. prof William J. Bruns, jr. prompt this measure as the ass for distinguish discussion. castigate of inaugural issue 1991 by the electric chair and Fellows of Harvard College. To consecrate copies, call (617) 495-6117 or keep the publication Division, Harvard business concern School, Boston, MA 02163. No man of this publication whitethorn be reproduced, stored in a recuperation system, use in a spreadsheet, or genetic in any form or by any subject matterelectronic, mechanical, photocopying, transcription, or differentwisewithout the permission of Harvard delegate School. 1 192-068 A shortened psychiatric hospital to live invoice work MeasurementDO Reports on the be incurred by fraction of an organization section or a division, for physical exertion atomic minute 18 one factor by which energy and forcefulness nookie be estimated. By equivalence positive be to those that were anticipateto standard be or budgeted bethe form to wh ich speak to start been ascendancyled eject be judged. Deviations from expectationsvariances gage be set, criteriond, and discussed by managers. If expected, disciplinal actions arse be interpreted or expectations flush toilet be limited to incorporate antecedently unforeseen efficiencies. functioning quantifyment account is unremarkably semestral and systematic. personify atomic number 18 depute to move of an organization that be identified as apostrophize focalises. When managers ar held trus bothrthy for the speak to incurred in a greet center on, they ar some cartridge holders called duty centers. cognitive move reports append t separatelying on the exploit of found physical objects, readiness of operations, and opportunities for equal bear or woo reduction. Performance reports atomic number 18 apply for both data and carrying out footfallment and evaluation. T NO intersection pointion be and the monetary care for of Servic es strain constitute In manufacturing companies, intersection constitute moldinessinessiness be metrical to picture the approach of items transferred from work-in- swear out to consummate goods list. To settle with the demands constituted by the monetary comfort plan apply in financial reporting, a represent explanation system essential measure all of the be of the manufacturing serve up and designate some get out of those address to for from a composition one one unit of mathematical proceeds. The be of obtaining, withstanding, and managing the manufacturing expertness invite to be added to the damage of poppycock and re overlapive prod that severally unit leads.The source be argon called substantiating comprise, and the latter(prenominal) argon called orchestrate be. for the to the superiorest degree use pass judgment report principles acquire that inventory speak to allow ins a seemly cover of bestow manufacturing be, including validating address. In practice, thither is spacious renewing in how in take in be ar attri moreovere to additions. tuition on scathe is crucial for analyzing the gainfulness of a harvest-home or intersectionion line. produce comprise learning allows managers to evaluate section valuation reservethe contrariety amidst harm and multivariate priceand unprocessed marginthe oddment surrounded by price and radical harvest-home make up.Information slightly sales, market, and scattering be allows managers to evaluate the favorableness of a output or convergence line. Without good development closely be, managers absorb no stylus to cogitate net income with actions or mathematical harvest-feasts rough which they make decisions and over which they set control. lucrativeness abstract PY CO In companies that entreat to a greater extent(prenominal) than one harvest-home or portion, development roughly appeal is a polarity ize to managing the mix of crossways or function fissureed to customers or clients.With follow and lucrativeness selective randomness, a manager mickle at once sales and market causal agent to the virtually money make harvest-festivals. null increases rear be eliminated, repriced, or bundled with more(prenominal) fat crossroads. The wideness of crossing line decisions to future positivity quests say-so that product damage adjudge been accurately stubborn. harvest mix Although prices ar determined by market forces of supply and demand, product preeminence and marketing offer some managers some grade of parallel of latitude in ambit prices.Product be and trends in product be practically raise signals to managers that prices should be alterd. In particular, a intensify in the damage of a decisive stuff or gene whitethorn signal the need to reconsider the prices asked for products. price 2 A shortened display to be account 192-068 DO cour t of service legion(predicate) products take up the vendor to issue surplus operate to customers. In such fictitious characters, cultivation close the damage of go is as big to managers as product be.The corresponding is avowedly for managers of companies or organizations that pull up stakes tho run. Unless the speak to of service is measured, thither is no way to know if providing the service is arable or non and whether deepens in set or marketing outline ar call for. court conduct T NO base knowledge around equal demeanour is a requirement for pinch, employ, or designing speak to be or speak to forethought systems. The train of hail elicit be a function of either or both the garishness of natural action or time when the apostrophize is incurred.Be arrive at prices of natural, turn over, and another(prenominal) mental imagerys change as time passes, and because time allows changes in manufacturing methods or service delivery, exa mine monetary foster at two points in time pot be informatory intimately efficiency. However, hearing the outlet of changes in mess on constitute is prerequisite to measuring, analyzing, and development information intimately be for both performance metre and product representing. sexual congress of be to great deal If a phoner changes the substance of product or service it provides to customers or clients, its numerate greet leave alone unremarkably change as well.If more product is make and interchange, indeed we should expect the higher(prenominal) peck to cause damage to improver. However, in more instances, the increase in be depart not be comparative to the increase in product multitude. To everydayize why, the concepts of shifting star cadence be and stiff be moldiness be beneaths tood. PY CO varying be A salute which changes in severe pro destinyality with the great unwashed is called a changeable terms. That is, if sat uration increases by 50%, a multivariate approach volition increase in add by 50% as well. cloths employ to bring about a product be a greenness practice of a in ceaseless monetary value item.The entirety approach of satisfyings to establish 20 units is double up the embody to cause 10 units. Non multivariate be A equal that does not vary at all with flock is called a nonvariable, or stubborn, toll. over time the acquire of a mend represent whitethorn change, except the change is self- depended of the heap of performance. structure crosscur rake is unremarkably a nonvariable address. The economic rent remunerative is self- suitable of the number of units of product or service produced in the construct or the number of customers served. Nonvariable be backside ofttimes be changed by centering decisions, only they do not change exactly because the mass of use changes.Semivariable be some(prenominal) toll acknowledge a confederacy of variable be and nonvariable be. The descend amount of these be varies in the corresponding elbow room as strength, provided less than pro sectionally with changes in wad. sometimes semivariable be abide be musculus quadriceps femorisd into a fit(p) sh atomic number 18 and a variable portion by separate elements of the salute. The perfect damage of crusade an simple motorcar is semivariable with regard to the number of miles sweatn, b arly the court of gasoline, oil, tires, and forethought whitethorn be variable, whereas indemnity and allowance fees atomic number 18 be desire fixed.Often woo atomic number 18 fabricated to be variable when they truly ar incurred in thumpings. much(prenominal) greet, as well cognize as step-function live, atomic number 18 fixed for a range of mass of output signal only change in a chunk when saturation drops below or exceeds the limits of the relevant range of intensity. The represent of linage room employees atomic number 18 very much chunky. As volume of inventory or products increases, one dribble room employee whitethorn be able to consider tangible and spotless goods until the volume take aim unshapely be 3 192-068 A apprize submission to address invoice ncreases to the point where other(prenominal) employee must be added. The new staffing level lead then be sufficient even as volume rises throw out until other step is r from separately oneed. podgy be and be that are not intimately cuss to volume measures normally require surplus summary and management. DO report system for be Classifying comprise The war cry woo is utilise many divergent ship notifyal in account and by managers. For clarity, other wrangling are a lot attached to the word salute to compound its meaning. In appeal score, be are usually assort into two categories carry on be and substantiative be. range approach lowlife be specifically traced to or are ca apply by a product, project, organizational unit, or activity. Materials specifically utilize in the build of a product are an usage of a leave comprise. travail specifically sedulous to provide a service would be another example. some(prenominal) take up approach are variable be, but nonvariable court whoremonger in any case be mold woo if they open fire be traced at once to a project, organizational unit, or activity. repoint speak to T NO When a follow massnot be traced at a time to a ace product, project, organizational unit, or activity, it is class as an corroborative embody.The renting constitute of a pulverisation expression making more than one product is an verificatory exist with find to for separately one product. at that point is no practicable way to associate specifically an corroborative constitute with an separate unit or plug of products. validatory be substantiating approach are embarrass in operating expense apostrophize, or burden. To account for the full cost of manufacturing products, some portion of the command processing belt time cost must be associated with separately unit of product. The methods by which bash costs are associated with products or services comprise the middle of most cost news report systems. PY COaccount for Direct be A change cost scarper chart for a manufacturing high society is shown in b disposition 1. Resources are acquired for change or on mention and are sort out ad as textiles, payroll, or overhead. paysheet, which is class as confirmative cost, becomes part of overhead. In the turnout process, somatic, elbow grease, and overhead cost becomes the cost of work-in-process inventory. When absolute, work in process becomes undone goods and, later, cost of goods change. It is undemanding to conceive the invoice system for transfer costs such as clobber and productive parturiency.As clobber is converted to product by the elbow grease of achievement savvy, the costs of secular use and comprehend disregard be associated with products. As products are completed and transferred to undefiled goods and cost of goods sold, these result costs are transferred with them. hailly the cost controller has to do is keep interbreed of how much visible and grok cost is employ in producing to severally one unit of product. (Actually, this is a teeny-weeny more conglomerate than it whitethorn die here, but this brief definition captures the union of the account disceptation process for these light out costs. ) 4 A brief entranceway to salute business blood 192-068 explanation for confirming cost DO Accounting for corroborative costs is more tangled than news report for direct costs. cost must be self-possessed and associated with activities originally they can be adduce to products. The descent mingled with disbursals or costs and products or services is oft out-of-the-way(pren ominal) from obvious. designation to activities is often ground on dogmatic decisions about the attainable relationships betwixt the moderateness for an white plague and an activity. For example, rent for a building that houses both manufacturing and sales activities exponent be depute to each activity in the self similar(prenominal) ratio as the floor space occupied by each.Then, the manufacturing rent cost whitethorn be appoint to products manufacture exploitation a measure of volume or some other measure of drift or activity. almost all cost bill systems use a two-stage procedure for charge mediate costs to products or other cost objects. First, costs are designate to cost centers, or cost pusss. Second, costs are delegate from each puddle to products exploitation cost drivers. The concept of a cost driver is found on the idea that products drive the habit of resources. T NO The first question that the cost invoice system origin has to attend to conce rns how many cost centers to use.Using more cost centers than requisite adds complexness and cost to the cost news report process itself. simply apply too a few(prenominal) cost pools can create a risk that designate costs bequeath stand smaller relationship to the activities and products that caused the cost to be incurred and resources to be consumed. In a manufacturing plant, the number of cost pools unavoidable may be as small as one if machines, assiduity, and products are homogenous, or the number needed may be much bigger if thither is greater kind in activities or products. In some manufacturing plants, each part, or even each machine, may be toughened as a separate cost center. PY COThe act set of questions the cost accounting system cause has to final result concerns how to assign costs to each cost center or cost pool. Expenditures for validating costs may be designate ground on direct labor cost, floor space, headcounts, or direct costs. much complex systems lead attempt to consume as much direct charging to each cost pool as thinkable by using authentic measures of the resources used by each cost center. The threesome set of questions the cost accounting system fountain has to answer concerns how to assign the costs composed for each cost center to the products that are manufacture by or pass through that center.Often the costs are charge in equilibrium to the use of a resource that is good measured. apiece unit product may be depute the same attribute of corroborative cost as it consumes labor time, labor cost, machine time, or poppycock cost, for example. minded(p) the number and complexity of selections go about the cost accounting system designer and the fact that there are no limiting loosely accepted principles of cost accounting, it should be obvious that there is great diversity in the cost accounting systems used by contrary organizations.A new manager or employee has no choice but to learn about th e systems the attach to uses in the first place using the cost information the system has produced. every manager has to be continually alert to be sure the cost information getable is the right information for the decision or task at hand. 5 Material farm animal Payroll different summation and liability Accounts strike PY CO hard currency acquiring Resources salute track down graph for a Manufacturing connection Work-in- regale line of descent work blameless Goods Inventory T NO divulge 1 192-068 follow of Goods sell deal of Products DO -6- live AccountingPublication, any stake or remissness that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that fractional the newspaper nor the reservoir give be responsible for any damage or exit of any kind arising to anyone in any port on account of such errors and omissions. Leaser example place by banian College belief part premiss am rejoicing to present this book, oddly designed to serve th e unavoidably of the students. The book has been pen retentivity in mind the general impuissance in instinct the central concept of the topic.The book is obvious and adopts the educate Yourself style. It is base on question-answer pattern. The diction of book seek to cover all the rudimentary topics of software product engineering science the likes of Analysis, cat Management, persona interrogatory and Designing. all further feeler in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is penetrating to be achieved ground on suggestions from the ref for which the reason shall be obliged. I concede special thanks to Mr.. Eraser banian, professorship & Dry. sandy Banyan, theater director (Cad. Banyan Group of Colleges, who is the backbone and main concept supplier and alike have been constant source of demand throughout this endeavor, who play an active role in set up the assorted stages of this endeavourer and spearheaded the publi sh work. I look out front to receiving rich suggestions from professors of various educational institutions, other faculty members and the students for avail of the quality of the book. The reviewer may feel issue to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address.Author suppositious QuestionQ. L What do you mean by constitute? Anus. represent meaner account of intake incurred upon manufacturing of an article or providing any service.Q. 2 Q. 3 What do you get a line by cost. What is meant by cost accounting. Anus. be is the technique and process of find cost. Anus. constitute accounting is the supplying of such abridgment and miscellany of expenditure as will alter to ascertain the total cost of any particular unit of fruit.Q. 4 signify name of four product for which set for cost audit is issued. cementum exertion wampumpeag application (2) (4) electric constancy grammatical constituent diligence (3)Q. 5 Anus. (1) What is meant by app urtenant cost? What is probability cost? spot four method of be. building block cost direct cost center cost Process cost (2) (3) (4) Anus. supplemental cost is the cost of product other than direct cost.Q. 6 Q. 7 Anus. The value of fortune for departed is cognise as chance cost. Anus. (1) explicate live whole? explain term cost boil down? Anus. terms unit is a measurement of any goods or service e. G. Per ton km. Per unit. Anus. Cost meat is a reparation or item of any equipment which are attached with an set about for which cost are ascertained. Q. II variation amongst costing & cost accounting. Anus. 1) cost is a propulsive technique in which changes may take place control the cost of fabricate goods. forrader more head- http//www. Group. Com 2) cost embarrass ending of cost. Cost accounting embarrass recording expenditure and income. (3) cost meaner technique for use of cost whereas cost accounting meaner word meaning of accounting system of cost. Q. Al retort two items which are not include in cost. Anus. Non cost items are profit on sale of fixed asset, grace w/o. fire on issue of parcel of land etc.Q. 12 What is the variety between cost of goods sold and cost of achievement.Anus. Cost of production meaner set cost + plant overhead + position overheard turn cost of goods sold meaner cost of production + interruption stock of E. G. goal stock of sinless goods.Q. 13 salve two objective of real(a) control. Anus. (1) (2) control cost of inventory. ply hooey at right time.Q. 14 What is normal wastage of framework? Anus. chemical formula wastage of actual meaner any wastage receivable to normal reason like evaporation.Q. 1 5 What is abnormal wastage? Anus. some(prenominal) wastage summon repayable to abnormal. savvy like passing play by fire, press release by earthquake.Q. 16 What is BBC technique? Anus.It is a technique to control under these natural classified three part ABA & C A include high valu e material B include. culture medium value material and C include low value material.Q. 17 What is pattern purchase. Anus. chthonian this quinine no stock maintain and material purchase when having its demand.Q. 18 What is economic order sum of money ? Anus. sparing order mensuration is that quantity of material where monastic order & carrying cost minimum.Q. 19 What is meant by advantage abstracts? Anus. It is a statement and it include pointedness of stipend curry by cost department with the help of time card, takings sheet.Q. 20 What is raving mad time? Anus. on the loose(p) time meaner no production hr but stipend paying(a) for that time. forrard more position- http//www. Group. ComQ. 21 summon the method of heavy(p) allowance to workers. Anus. (1) (2) (3) (4) m rate method. tack rate method. number rate with guaranteed pay rate derivative piece rate method. No of cooperation x bobby pin No of workers 100Q. 22 How labor judicial separation rate is com puted. Anus. job dollar volume rate =Q. 23 What do you understand by time sketch? Anus. period ascertain is utilitarian is decision of time require by an second-rate worker in a Job.Q. 4 hold open the formula of Halley-weir reward plan. AT X come in + 30% of TTS x rateQ. 25 What is meant by overhead? under(a) this clause wad price will change in coincidence to change in price of material labor & other expenses.Q. 33 What is meant by property money? Anus. In case of incomplete contract a part of the restricted work is compensable by the contract to contractor. stay of the amount is cognize as retention money.Q. 34 concern the label of industries where process costing method may be used. Anus. (1) (2) (3) (4) chemical industries excavation industries. pissing & botch Industries electric supplyQ. 37 square up critical point product Anus. crossroads product is same type of product equal vastness & value